In this presentation, we delve into the dynamic role of Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) within diverse factory environments, emphasizing the criticality of aligning MES functionalities with a factory’s digital maturity level. Contrary to a one-size-fits-all approach, not all production sites should aspire for a “Lights out” scenario where MES functions seamlessly transition to the automation layer. We explore how the complexity associated with this transition can sometimes outweigh its benefits.